12.3.2. Operadores binarios

Los siguientes listados repiten el ejemplo de OverloadingUnaryOperators.cpp para los operadores binarios presentándole un ejemplo de todos los operadores que pueda querer sobrecargar. De nuevo se muestran ambas versiones, la global y la de método.

//: C12:Integer.h
// Non-member overloaded operators
#ifndef INTEGER_H
#define INTEGER_H
#include <iostream>

// Non-member functions:
class Integer { 
  long i;
public:
  Integer(long ll = 0) : i(ll) {}
  // Operators that create new, modified value:
  friend const Integer
    operator+(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator-(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator*(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator/(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator%(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator^(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator&(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator|(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator<<(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend const Integer
    operator>>(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  // Assignments modify & return lvalue:
  friend Integer&
    operator+=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator-=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator*=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator/=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator%=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator^=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator&=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator|=(Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator>>=(Integer& left,
                const Integer& right);
  friend Integer&
    operator<<=(Integer& left,
                const Integer& right);
  // Conditional operators return true/false:
  friend int
    operator==(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend int
    operator!=(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend int
    operator<(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend int
    operator>(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right);
  friend int
    operator<=(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend int
    operator>=(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend int
    operator&&(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  friend int
    operator||(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right);
  // Write the contents to an ostream:
  void print(std::ostream& os) const { os << i; }
}; 
#endif // INTEGER_H ///:~

Listado 12.3. C12/Integer.h

//: C12:Integer.cpp {O}
// Implementation of overloaded operators
#include "Integer.h"
#include "../require.h"

const Integer
  operator+(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i + right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator-(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i - right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator*(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i * right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator/(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  require(right.i != 0, "divide by zero");
  return Integer(left.i / right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator%(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  require(right.i != 0, "modulo by zero");
  return Integer(left.i % right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator^(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i ^ right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator&(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i & right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator|(const Integer& left,
            const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i | right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator<<(const Integer& left,
             const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i << right.i);
}
const Integer
  operator>>(const Integer& left,
             const Integer& right) {
  return Integer(left.i >> right.i);
}
// Assignments modify & return lvalue:
Integer& operator+=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i += right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator-=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i -= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator*=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i *= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator/=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   require(right.i != 0, "divide by zero");
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i /= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator%=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   require(right.i != 0, "modulo by zero");
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i %= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator^=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i ^= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator&=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i &= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator|=(Integer& left,
                    const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i |= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator>>=(Integer& left,
                     const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i >>= right.i;
   return left;
}
Integer& operator<<=(Integer& left,
                     const Integer& right) {
   if(&left == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
   left.i <<= right.i;
   return left;
}
// Conditional operators return true/false:
int operator==(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right) {
    return left.i == right.i;
}
int operator!=(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right) {
    return left.i != right.i;
}
int operator<(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right) {
    return left.i < right.i;
}
int operator>(const Integer& left,
              const Integer& right) {
    return left.i > right.i;
}
int operator<=(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right) {
    return left.i <= right.i;
}
int operator>=(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right) {
    return left.i >= right.i;
}
int operator&&(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right) {
    return left.i && right.i;
}
int operator||(const Integer& left,
               const Integer& right) {
    return left.i || right.i;
} ///:~

Listado 12.4. C12/Integer.cpp

//: C12:IntegerTest.cpp
//{L} Integer
#include "Integer.h"
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
ofstream out("IntegerTest.out");

void h(Integer& c1, Integer& c2) {
  // A complex expression:
  c1 += c1 * c2 + c2 % c1;
  #define TRY(OP) \
    out << "c1 = "; c1.print(out); \
    out << ", c2 = "; c2.print(out); \
    out << ";  c1 " #OP " c2 produces "; \
    (c1 OP c2).print(out); \
    out << endl;
  TRY(+) TRY(-) TRY(*) TRY(/)
  TRY(%) TRY(^) TRY(&) TRY(|)
  TRY(<<) TRY(>>) TRY(+=) TRY(-=)
  TRY(*=) TRY(/=) TRY(%=) TRY(^=)
  TRY(&=) TRY(|=) TRY(>>=) TRY(<<=)
  // Conditionals:
  #define TRYC(OP) \
    out << "c1 = "; c1.print(out); \
    out << ", c2 = "; c2.print(out); \
    out << ";  c1 " #OP " c2 produces "; \
    out << (c1 OP c2); \
    out << endl;
  TRYC(<) TRYC(>) TRYC(==) TRYC(!=) TRYC(<=)
  TRYC(>=) TRYC(&&) TRYC(||)
} 

int main() {
  cout << "friend functions" << endl;
  Integer c1(47), c2(9);
  h(c1, c2);
} ///:~

Listado 12.5. C12/IntegerTest.cpp

//: C12:Byte.h
// Member overloaded operators
#ifndef BYTE_H
#define BYTE_H
#include "../require.h"
#include <iostream>
// Member functions (implicit "this"):
class Byte { 
  unsigned char b;
public:
  Byte(unsigned char bb = 0) : b(bb) {}
  // No side effects: const member function:
  const Byte
    operator+(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b + right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator-(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b - right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator*(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b * right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator/(const Byte& right) const {
    require(right.b != 0, "divide by zero");
    return Byte(b / right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator%(const Byte& right) const {
    require(right.b != 0, "modulo by zero");
    return Byte(b % right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator^(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b ^ right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator&(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b & right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator|(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b | right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator<<(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b << right.b);
  }
  const Byte
    operator>>(const Byte& right) const {
    return Byte(b >> right.b);
  }
  // Assignments modify & return lvalue.
  // operator= can only be a member function:
  Byte& operator=(const Byte& right) {
    // Handle self-assignment:
    if(this == &right) return *this;
    b = right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator+=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b += right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator-=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b -= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator*=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b *= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator/=(const Byte& right) {
    require(right.b != 0, "divide by zero");
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b /= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator%=(const Byte& right) {
    require(right.b != 0, "modulo by zero");
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b %= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator^=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b ^= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator&=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b &= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator|=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b |= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator>>=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b >>= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  Byte& operator<<=(const Byte& right) {
    if(this == &right) {/* self-assignment */}
    b <<= right.b;
    return *this;
  }
  // Conditional operators return true/false:
  int operator==(const Byte& right) const {
      return b == right.b;
  }
  int operator!=(const Byte& right) const {
      return b != right.b;
  }
  int operator<(const Byte& right) const {
      return b < right.b;
  }
  int operator>(const Byte& right) const {
      return b > right.b;
  }
  int operator<=(const Byte& right) const {
      return b <= right.b;
  }
  int operator>=(const Byte& right) const {
      return b >= right.b;
  }
  int operator&&(const Byte& right) const {
      return b && right.b;
  }
  int operator||(const Byte& right) const {
      return b || right.b;
  }
  // Write the contents to an ostream:
  void print(std::ostream& os) const {
    os << "0x" << std::hex << int(b) << std::dec;
  }
}; 
#endif // BYTE_H ///:~

Listado 12.6. C12/Byte.h

//: C12:ByteTest.cpp
#include "Byte.h"
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
ofstream out("ByteTest.out");

void k(Byte& b1, Byte& b2) {
  b1 = b1 * b2 + b2 % b1;

  #define TRY2(OP) \
    out << "b1 = "; b1.print(out); \
    out << ", b2 = "; b2.print(out); \
    out << ";  b1 " #OP " b2 produces "; \
    (b1 OP b2).print(out); \
    out << endl;

  b1 = 9; b2 = 47;
  TRY2(+) TRY2(-) TRY2(*) TRY2(/)
  TRY2(%) TRY2(^) TRY2(&) TRY2(|)
  TRY2(<<) TRY2(>>) TRY2(+=) TRY2(-=)
  TRY2(*=) TRY2(/=) TRY2(%=) TRY2(^=)
  TRY2(&=) TRY2(|=) TRY2(>>=) TRY2(<<=)
  TRY2(=) // Assignment operator

  // Conditionals:
  #define TRYC2(OP) \
    out << "b1 = "; b1.print(out); \
    out << ", b2 = "; b2.print(out); \
    out << ";  b1 " #OP " b2 produces "; \
    out << (b1 OP b2); \
    out << endl;

  b1 = 9; b2 = 47;
  TRYC2(<) TRYC2(>) TRYC2(==) TRYC2(!=) TRYC2(<=)
  TRYC2(>=) TRYC2(&&) TRYC2(||)

  // Chained assignment:
  Byte b3 = 92;
  b1 = b2 = b3;
}

int main() {
  out << "member functions:" << endl;
  Byte b1(47), b2(9);
  k(b1, b2);
} ///:~

Listado 12.7. C12/ByteTest.cpp

Puede ver que operator= solo puede ser un método. Esto se explica después.

Fíjese que todos los operadores de asignación tienen código para comprobar la auto asignación; ésta es una directiva general. En algunos casos esto no es necesario; por ejemplo, con operator+= a menudo querrá decir A += A y sumar A a sí mismo. El lugar más importante para situar las comprobaciones para la auto asignación es operator= porque con objetos complicados pueden ocurrir resultados desastrosos. (En algunos casos es correcto, pero siempre debería tenerlo en mente cuando escriba operator=).

Todos los operadores mostrados en los dos ejemplos previos son sobrecargados para manejar un tipo simple. También es posible sobrecargar operadores para manejar tipos compuestos, de manera que pueda sumar manzanas a naranjas, por ejemplo. Antes de que empiece una sobrecarga exhaustiva de operadores, no obstante, debería mirar la sección de conversión automática de tipos más adelante en este capitulo. A menudo, una conversión de tipos en el lugar adecuado puede ahorrarle un montón de operadores sobrecargados.

	12.3. Operadores sobrecargables		12.3.3. Argumentos y valores de retorno